Epidemiology of facial injuries in post-COVID-19 basketball: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction

Although basketball is not considered a full-contact sport, there is a significant risk of facial injuries, such as nasal fractures, lacerations and corneal abrasions, with functional, aesthetic and psychological consequences.

Objective

To analyse the incidence and characteristics of these injuries in basketball players of all levels over the past five years and to provide evidence useful for preventive strategies.

Material and methods

A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA. Searches were performed in five databases (December 2024–January 2025), including observational studies published in English or Spanish within the last five years. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Results

Of 217 studies identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent injuries were nasal fractures, followed by lacerations and corneal abrasions. The main mechanism was player-to-player contact, followed by ball impact. Incidence was higher in men.

Conclusion

Facial injuries in basketball are frequent and significant, yet underestimated. Preventive measures and facial protection are recommended.